Optic Nerve Head, Peripapillary and Macular Microvascular Characteristics in Patients With Unilateral Pseudoexfoliation Glaucoma.

PRCIS: In unilateral pseudoexfoliation glaucoma (PEXG), there may be decreased choroidal vascularity index (CVI), radial peripapillary capillary plexus' perfusion and flow. CVI may also be reduced in fellow eyes, suggesting that PEXG is bilateral disease. PURPOSE: Evaluation of peripapillary and macular choroidal microvascularity and radial peripapillary capillary plexus in both eyes with unilateral PEXG and healthy eyes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ninety-six eyes of 48 patients with unilateral PEXG [PEX (+): 48 eyes with PEXG; PEX (-): 48 eyes without PEX] and the right eyes of 45 age- and sex-matched healthy controls were included in the study. CVI was calculated on enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography scans. Radial peripapillary capillary vascular layer were evaluated by OCT-angiography. RESULTS: Macular CVI (mCVI), temporal and nasal peripapillary CVI (pCVI) was significantly decreased in the PEX (+) compared with the PEX (-) and control group ( P <0.05 for all). Although there was a significant difference between PEX (-) and the control group in terms of mCVI and temporal pCVI, there was no significant difference between the 2 groups in terms of nasal pCVI ( P =0.008, P =0.036, and P =0.604, respectively). There was a significant difference in perfusion density (PD) and flux index (FI) between PEX (+) group, PEX (-) group and control group in all quadrants and average value ( P <0.05 for all). Although the PD and FI values in all quadrants and average values of the PEX (-) group were lower than the control group, this difference was not significant. CONCLUSIONS: CVI in the macula and peripapillary region was significantly decreased in eyes with PEXG. Similarly, PD and FI were lower in eyes with PEXG. Low mCVI and temporal pCVI can also be seen in eyes without PEX.

Expression of Programmed Death Ligand1 (PD-L1) in Gastric Carcinoma (Histopathological and Immunohistochemical Study).

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate immunohistochemical expression of PD-L1 in cases of gastric adenocarcinoma. To correlate PD-L1 immuno-histochemical expression with other available clinico-pathological parameters such as age, sex, grade, stage, lymph node (L.N) metastasis and others. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The present retrospective study retrieved the data and archived paraffin blocks of 60 cases of Gastric carcinoma. Immunohistochemical evaluation was done to assess the expressions of PD-L1 in the tumor cells (TC), tumor infiltrated lymphocytes (TILs) and combined positive score (CPS). RESULTS: TC PD-L1 expression was detected in 56.7% of cases, TILs PD-L1 expression was detected in 53.3 % of cases and CPS PD-L1 expression was detected in 63.3% of case, with no statistically significant correlation with clinico-pathological parameters except TILs PD-L1 expression showed statistically significant correlation with positive TILs (P value ˂0.019). CONCLUSION: Our findings supported the expression of PD-L1 by TC, TILs, and CPS in gastric cancer, with increased expression in a subpopulation of TILs rich in PD-L1 identifying them as potential targets for PD-1/PD-L1 therapy.

Prevalence of peste des petits ruminants virus antibodies in sheep and goats sera from Central-Western Sudan.

Clinical signs suggestive of peste des petits ruminants (PPR) involved herds of small ruminants, which were described elsewhere in Sudan. Peste des petits ruminants was confirmed using an Immunocapture ELISA (IC-ELISA) assay in samples of infected and dead animals in areas of outbreaks. Therefore, to update information regarding the current situation and for assessment of the serological prevalence of PPR in small ruminants mingled at Central and Western Sudan during 2018-2019, 368 sera were collected from sheep (325 sera) and goats (43 sera) with different ages and breeds. These sera included 186 sera (173 sheep and 13 goats) from White Nile State and 182 sera (152 sheep and 30 goats) from Kordofan States. Competitive ELISA demonstrated higher prevalence of PPRV antibodies of 88.9%, 90.7% and 88.6% in both sheep and goats, goats, and sheep sera, respectively. Moreover, 100%, 94.7% and 78.5% seroprevalence values were demonstrated in South Kordofan, North Kordofan and White Nile States. The higher seroprevalence values detected in sera of unvaccinated sheep and goats indicated the wide exposure of these animals to PPRV and presence of protection following PPR viral infection. The findings of the study indicated that PPR is endemic in the surveyed areas of Sudan.Contribution: The study will contribute effectively to the global eradication programme of PPR organised by the World Organization for Animal Health (WOAH, formerly OIE) and Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). To completely eliminate PPR from Sudan by 2030, local efforts should be directed towards effectively and wholly vaccinating small ruminants using PPRV vaccine especially in routes of seasonal animal's movement and shared grazing areas.

Comparison of retinal and choroidal changes in Fuchs' uveitis syndrome.

PURPOSE: The assessment of retinal and choroidal changes in eyes with unilateral Fuchs uveitis syndrome (FUS) with the fellow eye and healthy control group. METHODS: Thirty-nine unilateral FUS patients and 42 healthy control subjects were enrolled. Spectralis domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT, Spectralis; Heidelberg Engineering GmbH, Heidelberg, Germany) was used to evaluate retinal and choroidal structures. Retinal and choroidal thicknesses were recorded from OCT images. Choroidal images were binarized to calculate choroidal vascularity index (CVI) with ImageJ 1.52 s (National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA) program. RESULTS: CVI was found to be significantly lower in the FUS group compared to the fellow eyes and healthy control groups (p = 0.039 and p = 0.046, respectively). There was no significant difference in central choroidal thickness in the FUS group compared to the fellow eyes and control groups (p = 0.552 and p = 0.321, respectively). There was no statistically significant difference between the 3 groups in terms of macular thickness in all quadrants (p > 0.05 for all quadrants). CONCLUSIONS: Affected eyes tend to decrease in CVI, while there is no difference in retinal and central choroidal thicknesses in patients with FUS compared to eyes of other unaffected eyes and healthy individuals. It may be because the chronic inflammation associated with the disease affects the vascular structure of the choroid.

Evaluation of the reliability, utility, and quality of the lid loading videos on YouTube.

PURPOSE: It is aimed to determine the utility, reliability and quality of the lid loading videos on YouTube, a video sharing platform. METHODS: A YouTube searches were made with the keywords 'Eyelid Loading,' 'Gold Weight Implantation,' 'Lid Loading for Lagophthalmos' (without user login, cleared search history, in incognito tab). A total of 75 videos were recorded. Length of videos (seconds), number of views, uploaded source (doctor/health institution/medical channel), number of subscribers, number of likes, time since uploading (days), video content (surgical/theoretical information), type of narration (verbal narration/subtitle) were recorded. DISCERN, The Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA), and Global Quality Scores of the videos were evaluated and recorded by two experienced oculoplastic surgeons (KSC, HT). RESULTS: After the exclusion criteria, the remaining 46 videos were included in the study. The mean DISCERN score was 25.17 ± 6.88 (very poor quality), the JAMA score was 0.79 ± 0.63 (very poor quality), and GQS was 2.84 ± 1.03 (medium quality). Thirty videos (65.2%) had verbal narration, and 16 videos (34.8%) had subtitled narration. The DISCERN score and GQS were significantly higher in the videos with verbal narration compared to the narration with subtitles (p < 0.05). All three scores were positively correlated with each other. There was also a positive correlation between video length, number of subscribers, and DISCERN score. CONCLUSIONS: The videos about lid loading on YouTube are of poor reliability, accuracy, and educational quality. The duration of the video and the type of narration can be kept in the foreground when choosing the video. Experts must review the content that is uploaded to websites like YouTube.

Quantum Dot-Based Screening Identifies F3 Peptide and Reveals Cell Surface Nucleolin as a Therapeutic Target for Rhabdomyosarcoma.

Active drug delivery by tumor-targeting peptides is a promising approach to improve existing therapies for rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS), by increasing the therapeutic effect and decreasing the systemic toxicity, e.g., by drug-loaded peptide-targeted nanoparticles. Here, we tested 20 different tumor-targeting peptides for their ability to bind to two RMS cell lines, Rh30 and RD, using quantum dots Streptavidin and biotin-peptides conjugates as a model for nanoparticles. Four peptides revealed a very strong binding to RMS cells: NCAM-1-targeting NTP peptide, nucleolin-targeting F3 peptide, and two Furin-targeting peptides, TmR and shTmR. F3 peptide showed the strongest binding to all RMS cell lines tested, low binding to normal control myoblasts and fibroblasts, and efficient internalization into RMS cells demonstrated by the cytoplasmic delivery of the Saporin toxin. The expression of the nucleophosphoprotein nucleolin, the target of F3, on the surface of RMS cell lines was validated by competition with the natural ligand lactoferrin, by colocalization with the nucleolin-binding aptamer AS1411, and by the marked sensitivity of RMS cell lines to the growth inhibitory nucleolin-binding N6L pseudopeptide. Taken together, our results indicate that nucleolin-targeting by F3 peptide represents a potential therapeutic approach for RMS.

Evaluating healthy cities: A scoping review protocol.

BACKGROUND: The Healthy Cities project supports municipal policymakers in the struggle to safeguard the health of urban citizens around the world (and in other limited geographies such as islands). Although Healthy Cities has been implemented in thousands of settings, no synthesis of implementation experiences have been conducted. In this article, we develop a scoping review protocol that can be applied to collect evidence on process evaluations of Healthy Cities. METHODS: To develop a scoping review protocol that could identify experiences evaluating the Healthy Cities project, we followed the PRISMA guidelines for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR). We applied these guidelines in consultation with a research librarian to design a search of the peer-reviewed literature, specifically Ovid Medline, Ovid Embase, Web of Science Core Collection, and Scopus databases, and a grey literature search. DISCUSSION: In addition to the aim of collecting evidence on Healthy Cities process evaluation experiences, the broader goal is to spark discussions and inform future evaluations of Healthy Cities. This work can also inform other evaluations of initiatives seeking to raise socio-political change, such as those focused on enhancing intersectoral and multisectoral action.

The Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Ophthalmology Residency Education.

Objectives: The aim of this study is to investigate the theoretical, practical, and academic effects of the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on ophthalmology residents. Methods: The web-based survey consisting of 28 questions was sent through Email to 37 educators who provides resident training. We divided the pandemic period into three, according to the severity of the pandemic and the measures, compared with pre-pandemic period (PreP), separately. Between March 2020 and June 2020 was named as P1, June 2020-October 2020 was named as P2, and October 2020-March 2021 was named as P3. Results: Responses received from 35 centers (17 university hospitals, 18 training and research state hospitals). There were totally 458 residents in the hospitals. Two hundred and forty-six of them (53.71%) worked on COVID-19 duties, with an average working time of 69.57 days. There were significant decreases in the number of patients examined by resident doctors and theoretical training time in the P1, P2, and P3 periods compared to PreP (p<0.05 for all). Furthermore, in terms of the total number of surgeries in clinics and surgeries performed by residents, there were significant decreases in P1 and P2 compared to PreP (p<0.001 for both), but there was no significant difference in P3 (p=0.109). In the examinations held in the clinic, in the 1st year of the pandemic, the grade average was lower than before the pandemic (p<0.05). Seventeen residents (3.74%) resigned or moved to another hospital. Conclusion: The COVID-19 pandemic has severely affected the theoretical, practical, and academic training of ophthalmology residents.

Identification of Inhibitors of Integrin Cytoplasmic Domain Interactions With Syk.

Leukocyte inflammatory responses require integrin cell-adhesion molecule signaling through spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk), a non-receptor kinase that binds directly to integrin ß-chain cytoplasmic domains. Here, we developed a high-throughput screen to identify small molecule inhibitors of the Syk-integrin cytoplasmic domain interactions. Screening small molecule compound libraries identified the ß-lactam antibiotics cefsulodin and ceftazidime, which inhibited integrin ß-subunit cytoplasmic domain binding to the tandem SH2 domains of Syk (IC50 range, 1.02-4.9 µM). Modeling suggested antagonist binding to Syk outside the pITAM binding site. Ceftazidime inhibited integrin signaling via Syk, including inhibition of adhesion-dependent upregulation of interleukin-1ß and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, but did not inhibit ITAM-dependent phosphorylation of Syk mediated by FcγRI signaling. Our results demonstrate a novel means to target Syk independent of its kinase and pITAM binding sites such that integrin signaling via this kinase is abrogated but ITAM-dependent signaling remains intact. As integrin signaling through Syk is essential for leukocyte activation, this may represent a novel approach to target inflammation.

Prevalence of schistosomiasis and associated risk factors among school children in Um-Asher Area, Khartoum, Sudan.

OBJECTIVE: Schistosomiasis remains one of the most common parasitic diseases worldwide. This is a cross-sectional study aimed to determine the prevalence of schistosomiasis and its associated risk factors among primary school children in Um-Asher area. The study was conducted among 170 primary school students in Um-Asher area from November 2017 to February 2018. Urine and stool samples were collected and examined for schistosomiasis infections. Moreover, data on sociodemographic characteristics and associated risk factors were obtained using a questionnaire. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of Schistosoma haematobium was 12.9%, whereas that of Schistosoma mansoni was 2.95%. Additionally, the males had higher prevalence (60%) of S. mansoni than females (40%). However, both gender were equally infected with S. haematobium (50%). With regard to risk factors, distance of residence from water source and source of drinking water are relatively associated with the infection.

Green synthesis of graphene from recycled PET bottle wastes for use in the adsorption of dyes in aqueous solution.

Polyethyleneterephthalate (PET) is an important component of post-consumer plastic waste. This study focuses on the potential of utilizing "waste-treats-waste" by synthesis of graphene using PET bottle waste as a source material. The synthesized graphene is characterized by SEM, TEM, BET, Raman, TGA, and FT-IR. The adsorption of methylene blue (MB) and acid blue 25 (AB25) by graphene is studied and parameters such as contact time, adsorbent dosage were optimized. The Response Surface Methodology (RSM) is applied to investigate the effect of three variables (dye concentration, time and temperature) and their interaction on the removal efficiency. Adsorption kinetics and isotherm are followed a pseudo-second-order model and Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models, respectively. Thermodynamic parameters demonstrated that adsorption of dye is spontaneous and endothermic in nature. The plastic waste can be used after transformation into valuable carbon-based nanomaterials for use in the adsorption of organic contaminants from aqueous solution.

An adaptive handover prediction scheme for seamless mobility based wireless networks.

We propose an adaptive handover prediction (AHP) scheme for seamless mobility based wireless networks. That is, the AHP scheme incorporates fuzzy logic with AP prediction process in order to lend cognitive capability to handover decision making. Selection metrics, including received signal strength, mobile node relative direction towards the access points in the vicinity, and access point load, are collected and considered inputs of the fuzzy decision making system in order to select the best preferable AP around WLANs. The obtained handover decision which is based on the calculated quality cost using fuzzy inference system is also based on adaptable coefficients instead of fixed coefficients. In other words, the mean and the standard deviation of the normalized network prediction metrics of fuzzy inference system, which are collected from available WLANs are obtained adaptively. Accordingly, they are applied as statistical information to adjust or adapt the coefficients of membership functions. In addition, we propose an adjustable weight vector concept for input metrics in order to cope with the continuous, unpredictable variation in their membership degrees. Furthermore, handover decisions are performed in each MN independently after knowing RSS, direction toward APs, and AP load. Finally, performance evaluation of the proposed scheme shows its superiority compared with representatives of the prediction approaches.